The main functions of an operating system

The main functions of an operating system The Main Functions Of An Operating System Here I am going to explain the main functions of an operating system Processor management The operating system must assign enough cycles to each process to get the job done and must give each process enough time with the CPU to function properly. (CANT MAKE IT NOT SOUND LIKE THE FUCKING SITE! STUPID EFFICIENT SITE)On a single tasking system it only needs to pause to deal with user input and certain interrupts. On a multitasking system the system must priorities each process switching between them thousands of time per second in order for it to give the appearance that things are happening at once. On multi-core and multi-processing systems, processes on each core may be running at the same time as the other core but each processor core can only hanlde one task at a time. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system5.htm Memory management and storage. The operating system must also ensure that memory doesnt clash with other memory and that each process is given enough memory to execute. For this to happen the operating system must assign memory boubndaries for types of software and individual applications.   Applications are loaded into memory in block of a certain size assigned by the operating system. Every process will be given a multiple of that number in size so that memory will not overlap if there it is micalculated bit. Tthe operating system must make sure that all the different type of memory are used in an efficient way. This includes ROM, RAM, cache memory, virtual memory and hardisk space. For instance when RAM is full some of the processes not being used can be saved onto the hardisks and recalled when it is needed. It can keep procceses that are used frequently into high speed cache memory so that it can be retrieved quicker rather than being read from RAM evertime. Device management This is the management of all the input and output devices such as keyboards and printers. For instance if there is to much data coming in from the keyboard for the cpu to handle the operating system can instruct a buffer to keep taking information but to stop sending it to the cpu. DO I NEED TO EXPLAIN WHAT DRIVERS ARE? User interface There are many difference type of user interface but all do the same task which is to be the translator between machine code and the user. It allows for the user to communicate with the machine and for the machine to output the effects of the users actions. Main types of Operating System A comparison of the four main types of operating system. The Personal computer, Network Computer, Mainframe and Mobile Phone/PDA. Main Differences A mainframe is designed to input process, move around and ouput large amounts of date fast and efficeintly. It is the most reliable, stable, and secure of all. Looks wise quite large (get better description) A PDA is designed to be small. They use simpler instructions which take up less memory are   therefore more limited to the sort of thing they can do and run. Network is like a PC but It uses less storage, less memory and does less processing.   It is a little like a computer which mostly deals with input and output the rest is done elsewhere on a server. A PC is gerneral purpose meaning can do a wide range of different tasks. User interface Mainframes didnt used to have user interfaces only accepting input via punch cards and tapes etc. Now they support GUI like the others. All use GUi but recent phones/PDAs come with touchscreen which is an interactive from of GUI ehich accepts input. Users can access a mainframe either by a computer terminal but theser days most can go online via a personal computer and acces the mainframe via a personal computer. device management The mainframe use many subsidury computers to hanlde I/O devices. unlike the other 3 who devices connect directly to the main unit. You can connect a wide range of devices to a PC or network computer such as printers and scanners unlike the PDA where you are limited to headphones usb and sometime a keyboard. You cannot add more and detract from like you can with a PC which uses special drivers to be able to communicate with the operating system. Memory Storage Management A Mainframe can have multiple hardrives therefore store extremly high volumes of data unlike a pc which usually only has one. PDAs on the other hand do not have a hardisk but use rom to store the operating system and pre-installed programs such as the claender and phonebook. If you add programs these are stored in RAM. You do not loose this data when the phone is turned of because the phone is run on batteries which still have a small bit of power left in them when the phone is turned off. Network computers also often dont have a hardisk using the network to store and access data and run programs. Processor Management pcs pdas and network computers are all single user operating systems unlike mainframes which use multi user operating systems. Unlike PDAs and network computers mainframes can run multiple operating systems. modern pcs can also do this in the way of a virtual machine but not to the extent and sophistication of a mainframe. Unlike the other three mainframes use multiple processors and can share their workload between them. Whereas network computers are able to use the the server for some of their processing. change sophistication so it isnt copying Unlike the others mainframes use single tasking operating systems Well Known Operating Systems A Comparison between MS Windows, MS-Dos, Linux and Mac-OS. MS-DOS Introduction to MS-DOS MS DOS Stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. IBM released the first ever personal computer in 1982 which came with MS-DOS. MS-DOS is a re-named version of Q-DOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) which was owned by Seattle computer Products at the time. Soon after the release of MS-DOS Microsoft bought the licensing rights from Seattle computers. MS-DOS was then Liscenced by around 50 companies in 1982 and was used on most personal computers throughout the 1980s.Like windows and Mac, MS-DOS was closed source. Closed source means that you are unable to see the source therefore unable to change or make any additions to the operating system via the source code. Therefore the only person who would be able to provide updates or newer versions would have been Microsoft themselves. Architecture It uses a command line interface rather than the modern Graphical User Interface (GUI) that we see on personal computers now. This means that they were not yet â€Å"user friendly.† For this reason MS-DOS would have been used by skilled workers rather than the general public for personal use. MS-DOS was a Single Tasking operating system and with the lack of GUI was suited and used for jobs such asfile management, simple networking and batch processing. Single tasking also means that it would run more efficiently i.e. quicker for certain tasks MS-DOS memory management would have differed to that of more recent computers as there would have been no high speed cache memory or virtual memory and there would have been no need for this on a single tasking system. Because MS-DOS is this basic it does not take up as much storage space and doesnt use as much RAM to run. Where MS-DOS is now MS-DOS was gradually replaced by MS Windows with the invention of GUI and windowsAPI (Application Programming Iinterface.) It was eventually discontinued in 2000. ; MS-DOS is now used as a standalone product but is now used for bootstrapping and troubleshooting. MS Windows Introduction to MS-WINDOWS Microsoft windows was developed by Microsoft following on from MS-DOS. The first version of MS-Windows realeased in 1985 was not a complete operating system. It was an extension of MS-DOS which provided a graphical user interface. MS-Windows is universal meaing it runs on most computer platforms such as personal computers, workstations, mobile phones/pdas, tablet pcs, laptops, media centers, and embedded systems. MS Windows is the most used of current operating systems and can be found in schools, offices and homes across the country. Windows version 2.1 was the first to be given the ability to do such thing as multi tasking. The amount and efficiency of which has been improving ever since. Later Versions of windows no longer had MS-DOS underlying and became a modern operating system rather than being considered just the GUI. Liscencing and cost Unlike Linux, Microsoft usually comes pre-installed and is a fully licensed product. This can be a good thing as you have full technical support when things go wrong but are however restricted to one machine per licence. Windows can cost alot less than mac to purchase however some people argue that cost of maintenance for a windows operating systems makes up for this. Windows is said to be less stable due its software components being connected. Security As windows is the most used operating system taking up (90 somehing) percent of the market it is more susceptible to hacking and is therefore less secure than mac and linux. It also means there there is a greater range of 3rd   party software   for windows. Architecture Like MS-DOS, Windows is closed source so there is less flexibility in what you can change therefore the GUI is less configurable than linux. However for the same reason it is alot more user friendly. Windows is backwards compatible meaning that softeware made for older versions of windows can also run on newer versions. Windows like most modern operating systems is multi tasking and multi processing meaning it can give the appearance of doing many things at once. This can have its disadvantages in such areas as speed. Even though windows no longer has MS-DOS underlying you are able to bring up the DOS-prompt which has a limited capability unlike Linux where you can run the whole thing in the commandline layer. With all the advancesof windows can now take up to1gb of space as apposed to the low storage that MS-DOS would have taken up. LINUX Introduction to Linux In 1984 Richard Stallman made a free version of unix which he called GNU. Shortly after he wrote the GNU GPL (general public liscence) . His aim was to make software that was freely available to general public.   In 1994 Linus Torvalds released Linux kernel which could be integrated with the GNU system to create a completely free operating system. The name linux is linuss name combined with Minix which is a simplified version of unix he had based his kernel on. Excerpt from Unix System Security Tools by Seth T. Ross do i use the excert bit or the internet site? Licenscing and Cost The main difference between Linux the other 3 operating systems is that it is open source and is licenced under the GNU GPL which means it is free and that any one can view it edit it and redistribute it as long as it complies with the GNU GPL Licence. As Linux is not a corporate product and is in many different states/versions it does not have the support that you would get with mac and windows and also doesnt often come pre-installed. It does however have many forums and tech based help on the internet. Architecture The advantages of its open source code is that it is free and also if you are very knowledgeable of programming you can control almost everything about the operating system making it a great choice if you want to manipulate it for specific tasks. Unfortunately this detracts from the user friendliness . This problem has been tackled by a failry new version called abuntu meaning () although not quite the userfreindliness that mac and windows demonstrate. This being said Linuxs main user group would be people of a very computer knowleagable background mosrt commonly nicknamed â€Å"compuer nerds†. Like Windows linux can be run on a wide range of systems including persoonal computers, desktops, mobile phones/pdassupercomputers, laptops and is welll know fo its use on servers.   Security Secuity wise Linux is considered to be the more secure than windows as it is based on Unix (an operating system considered to be very secure) but as stated by John Lettice at http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/22/linux_v_windows_security/ â€Å"theres also a reasonable amount of support for the view that Linux would get just as many security issues if it had anything like Windows user base.† MacOS Introduction Mac OS was created by Apple. Mac OS was designed for apple macintosh computers and only runs on Apple hardware. Mac OS does not have a command line interface at all and unlike windows deleting a file will not break the entire system. (ASK BEN IS THIS TRUE?) For this and other reasons it is much more user friendly but anyone wanting to explore or troubleshoot will not be able to. All you see is the GUI so it is therefor the least flexible in its ablity for customization and control over how it works. This is   â€Å"† Like windows mac is closed source and   has full technical support Cost Originally I thought that mac was the more expensive of the four but according to Jon Henshaw, M.A. at http://www.familyresource.com/lifestyles/technology/buying-a-home-computer-mac-vs-windows â€Å"Windows and Mac computers are now almost equal in cost. Whereas you can buy a Windows based PC for less than $500, you will not get the multimedia hardware and software that you will want and need. In fact, to do so would cost equal or more to the cost of a Mac.† You also have to consider that there will be less maintenance costs than that of windows.UI Security Mac is considered more secure than windows which is partly down to it being based on unix but is also as i said previously because windows is more widely used. It is also considered to be more stable which again couldbe down to it being based on unix. According to Jon Henshaw, M.A. at http://www.familyresource.com/lifestyles/technology/buying-a-home-computer-mac-vs-windows mac doesnt marry its software components together like windows does so when something goes wrong it doesnt all follow suit meaning the whole thing is less likely to crash like windows can often do.45 Type of use/Who uses it? Mac OS is not as widely used as windows and therefore has a smaller amount of software that will run on it. According to http://www.buzzle.com/authors.asp?author=15890>Manali Oak at buzzle.com   â€Å"While Windows focuses on office function, Macintosh is focused on graphics and multimedia functions.† (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/difference-between-windows-and-macintosh.html>http://www.buzzle.com/articles/difference-between-windows-and-macintosh.html) This would imply that people who use macs are genraly people who have jobs where they have to use alot of multimedia. Conclusion If I was going to recommend an OS for someone who is new to computers and didnt want to know anything about whats going on in the background I would suggest the Mac because of its userfreindly design and also if they mainly iused computers for photos music and videos. I would suggest windows tto someone who wants a large amount of software options and games and who likes to have some ability probe further than (cant finnish the fucking sentence) For those who enjoy or need a completely customisable operating system. If they were not already knowledgeable in programming/command line they would also have to be willing to take on the learning curve. Overal I feel the Mac will be the operating system of the future assuming that there is a larger software base and that it becomes more affordable. 100 ALSO WRITE ABOUT WINDOWS AND LINUX BEIGN THE CHEAPER OPTION IF MAC IS TO EXPENSIVE? 1.1 References http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system7.htm (MAKE SURE IF U HAVE TO ADD ALL THE PAGES   U DO) http://www.foogazi.com/2006/12/19/5-advantages-of-using-linux-over-windows/ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/22/linux_v_windows_security/ http://www.albion.com/security/intro-2.html http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm#03 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/difference-between-windows-and-macintosh.html http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/bs-windows.htm >http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/bs-msdos.htm http://www.applematters.com/article/mac_v_windows_no_real_difference/ http://www.macvswindows.com/index.php?title=MacvsWindows_Comparisons http://www.familyresource.com/lifestyles/technology/buying-a-home-computer-mac-vs-windows 1.2 Glossary 1.2.1 Proprietary

Creon Antigone by Sophocles Essay

In Antigone, written by Sophocles, Creon dominates the play with his powerful yet arrogant personality. Even though Antigone is the name of this play, Creon, the ruling king of Thebes with a no turning back attitude, proves to be the main character. Creon rules over everyone but that does not stop the intelligent Antigone from protecting her brothers dead body. She gets caught in this illegal act by the very dynamic character of Creon. There are endless personality traits to describe Creon, but certain traits that pop out are his strength/power and his stubbornness. Who is the man here, she or I if this crime goes unpunished?(Scene 2, lines 82,83). This quote is a simple example of how stubborn a king with that much pride can act toward his own family. We then learn that no matter how wrong he is in his decisions, he still sticks with what he believes to be the right punishment to Antigone. The other proving quote in Scene 3 (line 26) is when Creon states, Do you want me to show myself before the people? Or to break my sworn word? No, and I will not. Creon slowly starts to realize the right thing to do in his situation but something inside of him prevents him from saving Antigone. It could quite possibly be him knowing his own strength and power compared to everyone else. His strength plays a key role in the problems that occurred. Antigone sees right through this personality trait of his. Creon is not strong enough to stand in my way.(Prologue, line 35) Also,in Scene 1 line 118 Creon says,Theres nothing in this world that is more demoralizing than money. Creon really means it when he says this. He thinks that everything in the world has a price. His strength can be translated as a waste cause he doesnt use his powers for the better of the city of Thebes. His power completely forces him to believe that no one is above him. That is where the conflict began for Antigone and Polyneices. There was not much motivation for his actions besides his pride, which is apparently the cause of all their troubles. If Creon would have realized early on that the right thing to do is more important then power and pride, Antigone would not have of been dead. In Scene 2, (line 75,76) Choragus is right on when he says, Like father, like daughter both headstrong, deaf to  reason. Creon believes that his word over all should be the final say. But when Antigone, a female at that, defies him, he flips out and sentences her to rot in a prison cell. In his mind, he was rational with the choices he made. When it comes down to it, Creon was just trying to represent the position of the king. Unfortunately, his greed overcame his responsibility of the throne. His power against everyone else in Thebes proved to be significant when he sentenced Antigone. After the events that happened, he was still so stubborn to turn back. At the very end of this play, Creon finally realized his wrong doings and he said, I was the fool, not you. And you died for me.(Scene 5, line 92) Both his stubbornness and his power broke down and we saw the real Creon. Characters like this in Greek literature are important because the form the plot, the conflict, and the resolution. Without the Creons in plays, there would not be any tragedy or any thing to resolve at the end.

Civil Disobedience Essay: King and Thoreau Essay

Civil disobedience is a force needed to purify the condemnation of injustices within a society. Civil disobedience can be defined as the refusal to comply with certain laws as a peaceful form of political protest. Such protests are needed when the rights of citizens are being violated and their voices are being unheard. Thoreau’s ideas were becoming heavily common as they were being used by Civil Rights Activists. These ideas which these activists used greatly affected the way our government now functions today. What if such actions did not take place and only the voices of inequality were heard? Would we not still remain in a society of injustice? ((Rhetorical question)) Civil disobedience – this form of political protest – must be distinguished from cases of crime and acts of civil rebellion. The purpose of civil disobedience is not create fear or establish injustice above the law, but to create justice and equality that may reside under the law. The Civil Rights Movement is a perfect illustration of how the government can be moved and changed to produce a positive outcome toward the community and its citizens. Martin Luther King Jr. followed in Thoreau’s footsteps, his one inspiration, by partaking in acts of civil disobedience. His civil acts promoted a form of influence upon government that did not evoke harm or fear. Thoreau stated in his writing that â€Å"It is not a man’s duty, as a matter of course, to devote himself to the eradication of any, even the most enormous wrong, but it is his duty, at least, to wash his hands of it, and, if he gives it no thought longer, not to give it practically his support.† This means that when a government displays inequality, illustrates injustice, or portrays discrimination ((parallelism)), it is up to people to take action. Gandhi, a highly credited figure in civil disobedience protests, who also supports citizen action, states that â€Å"non-cooperation is a measure of discipline and sacrifice, and it demands respect of the opposite views† – the government. Thoreau’s way of showing his disagreement with injustice displayed by the government is by one, his rejection to pay tax’s which in turn landed him in jail and in more defiance towards the government he secondly helps fugitive slaves, disobeying the Fugitive Slave Act. His rebellion allowed for the  voices of people who agreed with him to stand with him and fight for injustice. To be clear, one should not view or only pursue to be involved with the acts of civil disobedience because of any dislike toward a country, but because he or she believes that the country can be something great, that these unjust laws are only limiting the potential of a beautiful society. Fighting for yourself is courageous; fighting for your co untry, heroic. The court case Plessy vs. Ferguson further displays the affected force any individual has on the government. Plessy, although biologically a white male, was still subjected to the injustices of racial segregation under the †Separate but Equal Act†. Plessy understood how this law still abided under segregation and decided to partake in protests and civil disobedience to change this law and promote equality within the society. His determination to create justice for the people allowed the government to decide that ‘separate was inherently unequal.’ In retrospect, the government can indeed be changed by and influenced by the people. The government perceives itself to be the voice of the people, is that not exactly why the voices of the people should be heard. Is the government not a body of voted people for the people, by the people? Will a government that cannot bend itself to commend its people not break instead? It is civil disobedience that allows the government to bend itself to the extent that it can serve its people. Therefore, it is in turn not unruly to state that civil disobedience is necessary in a community. Civil disobedience is, and will always be necessary in any society.

The Origins of Black History Month

The Origins of Black History Month The origins of Black History Month lay in early 20th-century historian Carter G. Woodsons desire to spotlight the accomplishments of African Americans. Mainstream historians left out African Americans from the narrative of American history up until the 1960s, and Woodson worked his entire career to correct this blinding oversight. His creation of Negro History Week in 1926 paved the way for the establishment of Black History Month in 1976. Negro History Week In 1915, Woodson helped found the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (today known as the Association for the Study of African American Life and History or ASALH). The idea for an organization devoted to black history came to Woodson as he was discussing the release of the racist film The Birth of a Nation. Discussing it with a group of African-American men at a YMCA in Chicago, Woodson convinced the group that African Americans needed an organization that would strive for a balanced history. The organization began publishing its flagship journal- The Journal of Negro History- in 1916, and ten years later, Woodson came up with the plan for a week of activities and commemorations devoted to African-American history. Woodson chose the week of February 7, 1926, for the first Negro History Week because it included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln (Feb. 12), celebrated for the Emancipation Proclamation that freed many American slaves, and abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass (Feb. 14). Woodson hoped that Negro History Week would encourage better relations between blacks and whites in the United States as well as inspire young African Americans to celebrate the accomplishments and contributions of their ancestors. In The Mis-Education of the Negro (1933), Woodson lamented, Of the hundreds of Negro high schools recently examined by an expert in the United States Bureau of Education only eighteen offer a course taking up the history of the Negro, and in most of the Negro colleges and universities where the Negro is thought of, the race is studied only as a problem or dismissed as of little consequence. Thanks to Negro History Week, the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History began to receive requests for more accessible articles. As a result, in 1937 the organization began publishing the Negro History Bulletin aimed at African-American teachers who wanted to incorporate black history into their lessons. Black History Month African Americans quickly took up Negro History Week, and by the 1960s, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, American educators, both white and black, were observing Negro History Week. At the same time, mainstream historians had begun to expand the American historical narrative to include African Americans (as well as women and other previously ignored groups). In 1976, as the US was celebrating its bicentennial, the ASALH expanded the traditional week-long celebration of African-American history to a month, and Black History Month was born. That same year, President Gerald Ford urged Americans to observe Black History Month, but it was President Carter who officially recognized Black History Month in 1978. With the federal governments blessing, Black History Month became a regular event in American schools. By the opening decade of the 21st century, however, some were questioning whether Black History Month should be continued, especially after the election of the nations first African-American president, Barack Obama, in 2008. For instance, in a 2009 article, commentator Byron Williams suggested that Black History Month had become trite, stale, and pedestrian rather than informative and thought provoking and served only to relegate the achievements of African Americans to an adjunct status in American history. But others continue to argue that the need for Black History Month has not disappeared. Historian Matthew C. Whitaker observed in 2009, Black History Month, therefore, will never be obsolete. It will always be in our best interest to pause and explore the meaning of freedom through the lived experiences of a people who forced America to be true to its creed and reaffirmed the American dream. Those who would eliminate Black History Month often miss the point. Woodson would no doubt be pleased by the expansion of the original Negro History Week. His goal in creating Negro History Week was to highlight African-American accomplishments alongside white American accomplishments. Woodson asserted in The Story of the Negro Retold (1935) that the book is not so much that of Negro history as it is universal history. For Woodson, Negro History Week was about teaching the contributions of all Americans and correcting a national historical narrative that he felt was little more than racist propaganda. Sources Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History. Ebony. Vol. 59, no. 4 (February 2004): 20, 108-110.Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. The early Black history movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene. Champaign, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 2007.Mayes, Keith A. Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition. New York: Taylor Francis, 2009.Whitaker, Matthew C. Black History Month Still Relevant for US. The Arizona Republic. 22 February 2009. Available online: azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/2009/02/21/20090221whitaker22-vi p.htmlWoodson, Carter G. The Mis-Education of the Negro. 1933. Available online: http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/misedne.html.__________. The Story of the Negro Retold. The Associated Publishers, Inc., 1959.

Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 Essay Example

Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 Essay Example Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 Paper Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 Paper Essay Topic: The Scarlet Letter Jeremiah Young Period-2nd 11/6/12 Chapter 8 At the beginning of chapter 8, Hawthorne brings back the main characters from the first scaffold scene; Hester, Pearl, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth; as well as representatives of the Church and the State. Also, that underneath the surface action, Hawthorne offers several strong hints concerning the difficult relationships of his characters. In Hesters pleading to Dimmesdale for help, in Pearls solemnly caressing his hand, and in the ministers kiss give you solid hints that Dimmesdale is Pearls father. Hester calls on her inner strength in her attempt to keep Pearl. She argues that the scarlet letter is a badge of shame to teach pearl a lesson and help her benefit from Hesters sin. However, Pearls refusal to answer the question causes the decision of the Church and the State to go against her. Now Hesters only appeal is to Dimmesdale, the man whose reputation she could crush. Pearl once again reveals her wild and passionate nature. In saying that her mother plucked her from the wild roses that grew by the prison door, she goes against both the Church and State. While such an answer seems intelligent for a small child, the reader must remember that Hawthorne uses character symbolism to present meaning. Pearls action brings back Hesters audacity on the scaffold when she refuses to name the father of her child. The dual nature of Pearls existence as both happiness and torture is restated in Hesters plea, and this point is taken up by Dimmesdale. The ministers weakened condition and his obvious nervousness suggest how terribly he has been suffering with his latent guilt. Nevertheless, Dimmesdale adds to Hesters plea when he states that Pearl is a child of its fathers guilt and its mothers shame but still she has come from the hand of God. As such, she should be considered a blessing. The minister argues that Pearl will keep Hester from the powers of evil. And so she is allowed to keep her daughter. Those powers of evil can be seen in both the strange conversation with Mistress Hibbins and also in the change in Chillingworth. As if to prove that Hester will be kept from evil by Pearl, Hawthorne adds the scene with Mistress Hibbins. While Mr. Wilson says of Pearl, that little baggage has witchcraft in her, Hester says she would willingly have gone with the Black Man except for Pearl. These evil powers are also suggested by the fourth main character, Chillingworth. The change noted by Hester in Chillingworths physical appearance, now more ugly and dark and misshapen, is a hint that in Chillingworths desire for revenge, evil is winning the battle within him and is reflected in his outward appearance. That Chillingworth is Dimmesdales personal physician and supposedly his friend gives him the opportunity to apply psychological pressure on the minister. Chillingworths comment on Dimmesdales strange earnestness and his statement that he could make a shrewd guess at the father suggest that he may already have decided on Dimmesdales guilt.

The effects of mergers and acquisitions on small business lending Essay

The effects of mergers and acquisitions on small business lending - Essay Example Besides the expected advantages arising from consolidations taking place in small businesses, mergers and acquisitions play an important role in increasing the size of banking institutions in a country. These benefits include; mobilizing of domestic savings, which are necessary for investments, deepening and increasing intermediation processes, as well as reduction of inefficiencies entrenched in businesses and other economic activities. However, there is one thing that has remained unclear in many economies, that is; the impact that mergers and acquisition have on credit creation to small and medium-sized businesses in a country. Studies indicate that large and complex organisations that are created by mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector are less disposed compared to small institutions that are less complex. The research further reveals that most of these borrowers in small businesses are dependent on banks for credit; however, they hardly get it following the new business developments in the banking sector. The reason for this development follows the fact that the large financial institutions resulting from mergers and acquisition in the banking are usually not interested in extending loans and other credit facilities that requite close knowledge of particular small business (Haq 2005). This comes about because there are several diseconomies that arise from the process of such loans, as well as other financial products to not only small business, but also to medium-sized enterprises. The diseconomies that large financial institutions face in advancing credit to small businesses often arises from several factors, first, lending to these businesses is distinctly different in terms of their activities, which requires the mergers and acquisitions to have different technologies and a special lending culture that takes care of these concerns (Haq

Ethno-tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethno-tourism - Essay Example Even though ethno-tourism is one of the most significant sources of revenue for developing countries, it has attracted so much criticism from human rights activists. According to the critics, ethno-tourism is the exploitation of the uncontacted tribes as they are used by the governments and tourism planners for economic purposes and they are not given any benefits in return. Other critics also suggest that the exposure of the uncontacted tribes to the outside world can endanger their society from a number of aspects. The following paper will evaluate the criticism against ethno-tourism, the opportunities it provides for the developing economies and the impacts it has on the culture and society of the uncontacted tribes. IMPACTS OF ETHNO-TOURISM Developing countries like those in Africa and Asia earn significant revenues from ethno-tourism. Tourists from all around the globe seek opportunities for ethno-tourism therefore countries that provide ethno-tourism are considered to be some o f the most sought after venues for the tourists. Ethno-tourism attracts a large number of tourists because it is a unique kind of tourism. ... Ethno-tourism provides the tourists with the opportunity of initial contact with previously uncontacted people who live in ignorance of the outside world. These unconctacted people reside in tribes and their way of living provides a great example of the primitive way of living. Their rituals and traditions are unique and different from those of the modern world. Their culture and traditions make them an attraction for the tourists. One of the arguments presented in the text suggests that ethno-tourism should benefit both the visitors and the contacted tribal communities. There has been significant criticism over ethno-tourism and it has been said that ethno-tourism has negative impacts on the subject communities. One of the most prominent negative impacts of ethno-tourism on the uncontacted tribes is the social deterioration of the tribes. With the exposure to the economic system set up by the modern world, the uncontacted tribes that reside in the primitive manner may become affecte d. Their society may deteriorate with the rise in the economic divisions within the tribes. Even though tourists are highly attracted towards unseen cultures and ways of life and ethno-tourism generates high amounts of revenue, the impacts on the subject tribal communities give rise to a dilemma. From one perspective, ethno-tourism is a great opportunity for the tourists to observe the primitive way of living, and from another perspective, ethno-tourism is the exploitation of the uncontacted tribes as the interests of the tourists are considered and not that of the tribes. Individuals who criticize ethno-tourism oppose the use of such tribal communities for commercial purposes. The arguments presented to support the criticism are that; the individuals from the tribal communities are not